12. Warrant Liability

In connection with the Series A Preferred Stock Offering (see Note 10), the Company issued the Warrants.

After the Warrants were legally issued as a result of the automatic conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock upon shareholder approval, they became immediately exercisable at the option of the holder. The Company determined that the Warrants, while initially contingently issuable, qualified as derivative instruments pursuant to ASC 815-40, Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity and that the Warrants were considered issued for accounting purposes concurrently with the Series A-1 Preferred Stock.

On June 26, 2023, the Company held its annual shareholder meeting, and as a result, shareholder approval for the conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock was obtained. On July 11, 2023, pursuant to the Series A Certificate of Designation, the Company issued, in addition to common stock and Series A-2 Preferred Stock, (i) a Tranche A Warrant to acquire 47,852,430 shares of Series A-3 Preferred Stock, (ii) a Tranche B Warrant to acquire 43,502,206 shares of Series A-4 Preferred Stock, and (iii) a Tranche C Warrant to acquire 69,603,531 shares of Series A-5 Preferred Stock. See Note 10 for discussion of exchange agreement related to Series A-2 Preferred Stock and warrants.

The Warrants are recognized as liabilities in the balance sheets and were initially recognized at fair value at the time of issuance. The Warrants are also subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date after issuance. Any change in fair value is recognized as a component of other income (expense) in the statements of operations in the period of change.

The valuation of the Warrants contains unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions for which there is little market data. Accordingly, the Warrants are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using unobservable inputs and are classified as Level 3 inputs. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s Warrants include, but are not limited to, probability of obtaining certain shareholder approvals, probability of reaching certain technical milestones related to the development of Oxylanthanum Carbonate, and the estimated term of the Warrants. Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for the probability of obtaining certain shareholder approvals is not correlated to a change in the probability of reaching certain technical milestones. However, a change to the assumption used for the probability of obtaining certain shareholder approvals or a change in the probability of reaching certain technical milestones would have been accompanied by a directionally opposite change and a directionally similar change, respectively, in the assumption used for the estimated term.

The fair value of the Warrants associated with the Company’s March 2023 private placement transaction was determined as of March 3, 2023, and March 31, 2023, by using a Monte Carlo simulation technique (“MCS”) to value the embedded derivatives associated with the Warrants. The MCS methodology calculates the theoretical value of a warrant based on certain parameters, including: (i) the threshold of exercising the warrant, (ii) the price of the underlying security, (iii) the time to expiration, or expected term, (iv) the expected volatility of the underlying security, (v) the risk-free rate, (vi) the number of paths, (vii) estimated probability assumptions surrounding shareholder approval as well as the achievement by the Company of technical milestones associated with regulatory and commercial progress, and (viii) an estimated discount for lack of marketability.

The MCS valuation model was used for the valuation performed as of the transaction inception on March 3, 2023, and on March 31, 2023, due to uncertainty in the timing of shareholder approval and the potential variability in the Warrant exercise price. On June 26, 2023, the Company held its annual shareholder meeting, and as a result, shareholder approval for the issuance of common shares upon the conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock was obtained and the exercise price for the Warrants became fixed. Therefore, as of December 31, 2023 and March 31, 2024, the fair value of the Warrants was determined using a Black Scholes model using parameters including (i) the exercise price of the warrant, (ii) the price of the underlying security, (iii) the time to expiration, or expected term, (iv) the expected volatility of the underlying security, (v) the risk-free rate, and (vi) estimated probability assumptions surrounding the achievement by the Company of technical milestones associated with regulatory and commercial progress.

These valuation techniques involve management’s estimates and judgment based on unobservable inputs and are classified in Level 3. The fair value estimates may not be indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a market exchange. Additionally, there may be inherent uncertainties or changes in the underlying assumptions used, which could significantly affect the current or future fair value estimates. Generally, a significant increase (decrease) in the probabilities of shareholder approval and the achievement of technical milestones would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement; however, changes in other inputs such as expected term and price of the underlying common stock will have a directionally opposite impact on fair value measurement.

The Company uses a third-party valuation expert to assist in the determination of the fair value of the Warrants. The tables below summarize the valuation inputs into the Black Scholes model for the liability associated with the three tranches of Warrants at December 31, 2023 and March 31, 2024.

As of the issuance date (March 3, 2023), the Company estimated the fair value of the Warrants to be $2.8 million. As of December 31, 2023 and March 31, 2024, the Company estimated the fair value of the Warrants to be $13.1 million and $24.9 million, respectively.

The following table summarizes activity for the Company’s preferred stock warrants for the three months ended March 31, 2024: